California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Williams, 10 Cal.App.3d 745, 89 Cal.Rptr. 364 (Cal. App. 1970):
When a claim is made that absence of a defendant from a portion of his trial violates due process, the determinative question on appeal is whether the accused suffered any damage by reason of such absence. This is clear from People v. Isby, 30 Cal.2d 879, 894, 186 P.2d 405, 414:
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