California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Johnson, F074435 (Cal. App. 2019):
perpetrator; (2) the mens rea of the aider and abettor: knowledge of the direct perpetrator's criminal intent and an intent to help carry it out; and (3) the actus reus of the aider and abettor: conduct that helped to carry out the crime. (People v. Valdez (2012) 55 Cal.4th 82, 146.)
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