California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. McCall, C071012 (Cal. App. 2013):
The confrontation clause in the federal Constitution's Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant the right to confront those "who 'bear testimony' " against him. (Crawford v. Washington (2004) 541 U.S. 36, 51 [158 L.Ed.2d 177, 192].) A "testimonial" statement subject to the confrontation clause is typically a formal
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